金属切削设备

Сравнительная таблица: пять основных станков

Главное движение, подача, применение и точность.

Классы точности для новых станков в стандартных условиях.

Детальные характеристики движения и применения

Понимание принципа работы каждого станка.

🟡 Токарный станок

The lathe rotates the workpiece against a stationary cutting tool. It is the most versatile machine tool, capable of turning, facing, threading, knurling, and boring operations. The workpiece is held in a chuck or between centers and rotates at a controlled speed (the primary motion), while the tool moves linearly along the bed (the feed motion). Modern CNC lathes add powered tooling and Y-axis capability for complex turned parts.

Характер движения: Primary: Workpiece rotation (spindle). Feed: Tool movement parallel (longitudinal) or perpendicular (cross) to the axis of rotation. Cutting is continuous.
Ключевые параметры: Spindle speed 50–4000 RPM, max turning diameter 200–2000mm, max turning length 300–8000mm, feed rate 0.01–5.0 mm/rev.

🔵 Фрезерный станок

The milling machine uses rotating multi-point cutters to remove material from a stationary or moving workpiece. The cutter rotates as the primary motion; the workpiece (or cutter) moves in X, Y, and Z axes as feed. Milling produces flat surfaces, slots, pockets, gears, and complex 3D contours. Vertical and horizontal configurations offer different cutting approaches.

Характер движения: Primary: Cutter rotation (spindle). Feed: Table/workpiece movement in three linear axes (X/Y/Z). Cutting is intermittent — each tooth engages and disengages repeatedly.
Ключевые параметры: Spindle speed 30–10,000 RPM, table size 200×500 to 800×3000mm, feed rate 10–2000 mm/min, number of axes 3–5.

🟢 Строгальный станок

Planers and shapers produce flat surfaces through linear reciprocating motion. On a planer, the workpiece reciprocates beneath a stationary tool; on a shaper, the tool reciprocates over a stationary workpiece. After each stroke, the tool or workpiece indexes sideways for the next cut. These machines excel at large flat surfaces, guide ways, and heavy stock removal where milling would be inefficient.

Характер движения: Primary: Linear reciprocation of workpiece (planer, up to 12m) or tool (shaper, up to 1m). Feed: Intermittent cross movement at end of return stroke. Cutting occurs only on the forward stroke.
Ключевые параметры: Table stroke 1–12m (planer) / Ram stroke 200–1000mm (shaper), cutting speed 5–60 m/min, feed per stroke 0.5–5mm.

🔴 Шлифовальный станок

Grinding machines use abrasive wheels rotating at high speed to remove very small chips. The grinding wheel's rotation is the primary motion; the workpiece moves linearly or rotationally as feed. Grinding achieves the highest precision and surface finish among conventional machine tools. Common types: surface grinders (flat surfaces), cylindrical grinders (round parts), and tool & cutter grinders.

Характер движения: Primary: Abrasive wheel rotation at 20–60 m/s peripheral speed. Feed: Workpiece traverse (cylindrical) or table reciprocation (surface). Cutting by thousands of abrasive grains acting as tiny cutting edges.
Ключевые параметры: Wheel speed 20–60 m/s, workpiece speed 10–50 m/min, depth of cut 0.001–0.05mm, achievable surface roughness Ra 0.1–0.4 µm.

🟣 Расточной станок

Boring machines are designed for enlarging and finishing holes to precise diameters. The boring bar rotates as the primary motion while the workpiece or bar feeds linearly. Horizontal boring mills handle large, heavy workpieces like engine blocks and turbine housings. Jig borers achieve the highest hole positioning accuracy. Unlike drilling, boring corrects hole location errors from previous operations.

Характер движения: Primary: Boring bar rotation (horizontal or vertical). Feed: Workpiece table movement (horizontal borer) or quill/spindle feed (vertical borer). Cutting is continuous in a helical path.
Ключевые параметры: Spindle diameter 50–200mm, max boring diameter 100–2000mm, table travel 500–6000mm, positioning accuracy ±0.005mm (jig borer).

Сводка резания

Each machine tool achieves material removal through a unique combination of primary and feed motions, determining its optimal application domain.